Beginning in the large intestine, colon cancer tends to begin as non-cancerous polyps. These usually have no noticeable symptoms but can be detected via screening. It becomes harder to treat the condition the further it has advanced, making it essential to detect it at the early stages. Staging is a process used to point out the exact extent to which cancer has spread. It provides a structure and clarity to the condition and enables the doctors to decide on the best methods of treatment. The staging guidelines used for colon cancer follow the system on TNM staging which is as follows: T – Tumor: This gives information on whether the tumor has grown into the wall of the colon and if it has, then the layers it has spread to. N – Node: This gives information on whether the tumor has spread to lymph nodes, and if it has, their location and the number of lymph nodes affected. M – Metastasis: This gives information on whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body, which parts and how much it has affected a particular organ. These 3 stages are further divided into 5 stages — Stage 0 and Stages 1–4 which delve into greater information regarding the tumor.

Pulmonary arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and pulmonary arterial hypertension is a condition that affects them. Because of this disorder, individuals suffering from it may suffer from a variety of symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, pain in the chest, irregular heartbeat, swelling, etc. Symptoms of this condition usually take a lot of time to be detected as in the early stages, they aren’t visible enough or can be attributed to other health problems. As early detection is difficult through just the observation of symptoms, it can be helpful for one to understand the causes and risk factors. The disease is a rare form of hypertension and the changes that occur in it affect very small arteries, which carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. In an individual who suffers from the condition, the walls of the pulmonary arteries become stiffer and thicker with time. When this happens, the hollow space in the arteries narrows down. This leads to a reduction in space for the blood to flow through. So now the amount of blood that reaches the lungs in a given amount of time reduces significantly while the needs of the body for oxygen-rich blood remain the same.

The blood which carries oxygen is made of many components including clotting factors. This clotting factor is a protein and its role is to help the blood coagulate. This change is what causes the bleeding to stop after an injury, surgery, or even after childbirth. There are about 13 types of clotting factors and its deficiency causes a condition called hemophilia, wherein the individual finds it difficult to stop bleeding or does not stop bleeding after a wound, regardless of its severity. There are three types of hemophilia Hemophilia A This condition is caused by insufficient levels of the clotting factor VIII. Hemophilia B This condition is caused by insufficient levels of the clotting factor IX. Hemophilia C This condition is caused by insufficient levels of the clotting factor XI. Acquired hemophilia This happens when our bodies produce antibodies and destroy the clotting factors in the blood. This is a rare condition and usually affects children, men, and women, as they grow older. Hemophilia A, B, C is genetic and is caused by hereditary conditions, thereby being passed on to the child at the time of birth. Acute hemophilia is contracted after birth. Symptoms of hemophilia The severity of the symptoms helps to classify hemophilia into mild, moderate and severe and also help the doctors determine the treatment for the condition.

The treatment plan charted for patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma depends mostly on the stage of cancer, as different stages need vastly different approaches. This is determined through a wide variety of systems. However, in the case of multiple myeloma, in most cases, a multidisciplinary team usually decides the course of action to be taken following the diagnosis of the condition. The treatment procedure also depends on whether the patient will be able to withstand certain surgical or non-surgical methods. It is carefully charted to control the growth of the tumor, reduce pain, eliminate the myeloma cells and enable the patients to get back to leading a normal, active life. The staging system currently being used to classify multiple myeloma into different stages is known as the international staging system. It can define the factors that influence the survival of the patient. Based on the levels of serum albumin present and the levels of serum β2-M, the international staging system divides the condition of multiple myeloma into 3 different stages. The 3 different stages of multiple myeloma are as follows: Stage I: In this stage, the level of serum albumin present is either 3.5 g/dL or it could be present in higher quantities also.

B-cell lymphoma is an umbrella of conditions that has different types of cancers under it. When an individual gets diagnosed with B-cell lymphoma, it is important to understand what specific type of condition is being talked about to proceed further. The cancers are categorized based on how the cells look if they have proteins on their surface and the gene changes, which happen inside the lymphoma cells. The different types of B-cell lymphomas are as follows: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): This is known to be the most common type of B-cell lymphoma. While the progression of this condition happens at a faster rate, it is also possible to cure it. This kind of cancer starts in the lymph nodes or certain other areas present in the lymph tissue. Other parts of the body where this type of cancer can originate are the brain, intestines, skin, and bones. Follicular lymphoma: This type of B-cell lymphoma is known to have a slow progression. It is estimated that about 20% to 30% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas fall under this category. It usually is known to affect people over the age of 65 years. Lymph nodes and bone marrow are the areas where this type of cancer resides and grows.